Universities have evolved in response to social, economic, and technological changes, from classical educational institutions to key players in innovation and development. First-generation universities focused on theoretical education; the second generation emphasized research alongside teaching; the third integrated technology, entrepreneurship, and responsiveness to labour market needs; and the fourth generation plays an active and responsible role by promoting social innovation, industry collaboration, problem-solving, and sustainable development. In Iran, although some universities are approaching the third generation, transitioning to fourth-generation universities requires reforms in governance, curriculum redesign, infrastructure development for innovation, and stronger engagement with industry and society.
Summary of University Generations
|
Feature / Generation |
First Gen (Teaching-based) |
Second Gen (Research-based) |
Third Gen (Entrepreneurial) |
Fourth Gen (Transformational) |
|
Goal |
Education |
Education & Research |
Innovation & Value Creation |
Sustainable Development & Social Innovation |
|
Role |
Knowledge Transfer |
Knowledge Production |
Entrepreneurship & Commercialization |
Solving Societal & Industrial Problems |
|
Scientific Approach |
Traditional, Single-discipline |
Specialized & Modern |
Interdisciplinary |
Multidisciplinary & Postmodern |
|
Educational Tools |
Lectures & Textbooks |
Labs & Projects |
Digital Technologies |
Blended & Online Learning |
|
Output |
Professionals |
Researchers & Scientists |
Entrepreneurs |
Change-makers & Regional Developers |
|
Funding Source |
Government & Donations |
Scientific Research Projects |
Innovation & Commercialization |
Industry Partnerships & Innovation Funds |
|
Status in Iran |
Mostly between 2nd and 3rd Generation |
On the Path, Requiring Major Transformation |
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